me critical temperatures. In plant cells, chloroplasts are transported within the cytoplasmic stream to optimize their exposure to light for photosynthesis. This rate of motion is influenced by several factors including light intensity, temperature, and pH levels. Cytoplasmic streaming is most efficient at a neutral pH and tends to decrease in efficiency under conditions of both low and high pH. Several methods exist to halt the flow of cytoplasm within cells. One approach involves the introduction of Lugol's iodine solution, which effectively immobilizes the cytoplasmic streaming.[citation needed] Alternatively, the compound Cytochalasin D, dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide, can be employed to achieve a similar effect by disrupting the actin microfilaments responsible for facilitating cytoplasmic movement. Cyoplasmic streaming was first discovered by Italian scientist Bonaventura Corti in 1774, within the algae genera Nitella and Chara but as of 2025 it is still not fully understood how it comes about. Mechanism What is clearly visible in plants cells which exhibit cytoplasmic streaming is the motion of the chloroplasts moving with the cytoplasmic flow. This motion results from fluid being entrained by moving motor molecules of the plant cell. Myosin filaments connect cell organelles to actin filaments. These actin filaments are generally attached to the chloroplasts and/or membranes of plant cells. As the myosin molecules "walk" along the actin filaments dragging the organelles with them, the cytoplasmic fluid becomes entrained and is pushed/pulled along. Cytoplasmic flow rates can range between 1 and 100 micron/sec. In Chara corallina Chara corallina exhibits cyclic cytoplasmic flow around a large central vacuole. The large central vacuole is one of the largest organelles in a plant cell and is generally used for storage. In Chara coralina, cells can grow up to 10 cm long and 1 mm in diameter. The diameter of the vacuole can occupy around 80% of the cell's dia