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Data centers – the massive buildings filled with computers that store the apps and data that run much of the modern internet – pack together lots of heat-generating computer equipment. Keeping all that machinery cool uses a lot of water. But exactly how much is hard to figure out.

Water policy scholars Peyton McCauley and Melissa Scanlan set out to find out what they could. One estimate for 2023 has U.S. data centers using 17 billion gallons (64 billion liters) of water just for cooling – enough to supply New York City’s population with drinking water for 17 days. And that may be an underestimate.

The most detailed data they could find was in large tech companies’ voluntary sustainability reports. But some companies’ reports don’t reveal data center water use at all, or they leave out important information. Even the most detailed reports lacked key context.

Nevertheless, the picture that emerges from what they could gather is of an industry that uses more and more water every year, with no sign of slowing down. As more and more companies propose more data centers, McCauley and Scanlan explain, the public will want to find ways to determine how much water they’re using.

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Jeff Inglis

Environment + Energy Editor

The Columbia River running through The Dalles, Oregon, supplies water to cool data centers. AP Photo/Andrew Selsky

Data centers consume massive amounts of water – companies rarely tell the public exactly how much

Peyton McCauley, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee; Melissa Scanlan, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee

In 2024, one data center in Iowa consumed 1 billion gallons of water, enough to supply all the state’s residences with water for five days.

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