+ the struggle to hurricane-proof flood-prone Houston ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌
The Conversation

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Shootings have become so common in the U.S. that they seem to wash over each other – no sooner do headlines about one act of violence begin to disappear than another one takes its place.

On Sept. 27, Minneapolis marked one month since an attack at a Catholic church, which killed two students attending Mass. The next day, a man rammed his truck into a chapel of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Michigan and opened fire, killing four people.

It may feel like shootings at houses of worship are increasing, but what does the data say?

Criminologists James Densley and Jillian Peterson have been tracking mass shootings for years. In 2023, they built a public database bringing together 25 years of data, including information specifically about attacks on religious congregations: where, when, what weapons are used, and what similarities they see. Among their key findings, which they share in today’s lead article, is that many shooters had close ties to the faith communities they targeted.

“Numbers cannot capture the grief of families in Grand Blanc or Minneapolis, or the trauma survivors carry,” Densley and Peterson write. “But they can reveal patterns that ground conversations about safety and prevention.”

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Molly Jackson

Religion and Ethics Editor

A church program lies on the ground near the family reunification area after the shooting in Grand Blanc, Mich., on Sept. 28, 2025. Jeff Kowalsky/AFP via Getty Images

Violent acts in houses of worship are rare but deadly – here’s what the data shows

James Densley, Metropolitan State University ; Jillian Peterson, Hamline University

Tragedies like the Sept. 28, 2025, shooting at the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints chapel in Michigan are part of a longer pattern.

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  • Flood-prone Houston faces hard choices for handling too much water

    Ivis García, Texas A&M University; James M. Kaihatu, Texas A&M University; Shannon Van Zandt, Texas A&M University

    None of the three main options could handle another Hurricane Harvey, but they would give varying benefits based on different sizes, costs and timelines.

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