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This week’s system design refresher:
⏳ LIMITED TIME OFFER: All in One Interview Prep Black Friday Sale
Virtualization vs. Containerization
5 REST API Authentication Methods
How do AirTags work?
What is a Firewall?
Modem vs. Router
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Virtualization vs. Containerization
Before containers simplified deployment, virtualization changed how we used hardware. Both isolate workloads, but they do it differently.
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Virtualization (Hardware-level isolation): Each virtual machine runs a complete operating system, Windows, Fedora, or Ubuntu, with its own kernel, drivers, and libraries. The hypervisor (VMware ESXi, Hyper-V, KVM) sits directly on hardware and emulates physical machines for each guest OS.
This makes VMs heavy but isolated. Need Windows and Linux on the same box? VMs handle it easily. Startup time for a typical VM is in minutes because you’re booting an entire operating system from scratch.
Containerization (OS-level isolation): Containers share the host operating system’s kernel. No separate OS per container. Just isolated processes with their own filesystem and dependencies.
The container engine (Docker, containerd, CRI-O, Podman) manages lifecycle, networking, and isolation, but it all runs on top of a single shared kernel. Lightweight and fast. Containers start in milliseconds because you’re not booting an OS, just launching a process.
But here’s the catch: all containers on a host must be compatible with that host’s kernel. Can’t run Windows containers on a Linux host (without nested virtualization tricks).
Over to you: What’s your go-to setup: containers in VMs, bare metal containers, or something else?