which people believed was Rome. Historian Tessa Rajak, however, asserted that there is no evidence to suggest the insurgents were driven by messianic or end-of-days aspirations. Marxist scholars, notably Heinz Kreißig, interpreted the revolt as a class struggle between social strata, though critics such as Jonathan Price argued that argued this prioritizes political theory over evidence. The burning of debt records by the rebels is often cited as proof of socio-economic motives, but this view is also disputed by Price, who notes there is little evidence of economic grievances. He argues that rebel leaders lacked class loyalty—Simon bar Giora freed slaves and targeted the wealthy but also had aristocratic support, while others had no social agenda. He sees the burning of debt records as a tactic for popular support, not ideology. Classicist Guy McLean Rogers adds that debt was routine and neither a key cause nor a unifying rallying point for the rebels. Historian Uriel Rappaport wrote that hostility between Jews and surrounding Greek cities was the decisive factor that made the revolt inevitable, as Rome failed to address the tensions. The provi